100 obscure American telescope makers & designers. J.Q. Adams. 26 N. May St., Chicago, Illinois. Circa 1920. 'Manufacturer of telescopes'; 'semi-equatorial', tripod, (small refractor). Undated 4 page folder, envelope dated 17 April 1921. Josiah Bennett Allen. Springfield, Mass. & Enfield, Conn. Born 23 June 1813, died 09 August 1870. Reflecting telescopes, microscopes. 1844, Mass. Charitable Mechanics Assn., reflecting telescope received award. 1849, NE business directory as 'telescope maker' - telescopes & lenses. (DJW-NMAH) Reuben L. Allen. Providence, R.I. 1880s. Refractors & accessories. Providence city directory as 'telescope manufacturer' 1882/83 - 1890/91. Advertisement in Sidereal Messenger, 1883 - 1887: manufacturer of refracting astronomical telescopes, alt-azimuth or equatorial mountings. (DJW-NMAH) American Telescope Labs. J.H. Magid. Hollywood, Calif. Post 1937. Manufacturers of reflecting, refracting, & binocular telescopes; TM kits, objectives, prisms, flats, eyepieces 0.17 to 2.5 inches, spectroscopes, observatory equipment. 4 - 12 inch Newtonians, altaz mounted. 6 - 30 inch Cassegrains & Coude Cassegrains, equatorial. With Rex W. Beach, builder of amateur & professional telescopes. F.F. Arnold. Oak Park, Illinois. May 1897 advertisement in Popular Astronomy for the 3 inch, altazimuth mounted 'Arnolds' Educational Telescope…as described in December and January Popular Astronomy…Objectives and Mirrors Made to Order…Eyepieces Made, including Solid Achromats'. H. Page Bailey. Riverside, CA. 1930-50. Schmidt camera & horseshoe mount. (Longer text in separate file.) C.L. Berger. Boston. circa 1900. Surveying instruments, astronomical transit, 5 & 6 inch equatorial telescope. George Blanchard. Possibly Brooklyn. 1854-1855. 'stationary spy-glass', alt-az, described in Scientific American, possibly a maker. (DJW-NMAH) John Bliss & Son. New York City. 1870s. Instruments of precision. R.S. Bosworth. Ohio. 1850s. Ohio Mechanics Institute Fair. 1854. 'telescope made by R.S. Bosworth, Professor of Chemistry & Mechanical Philosophy, of Farmers College, Hamilton Co., Ohio, at the shop of the Lab of the college; appears to be a valuable and excellent instrument', won first class diploma. (DJW-NMAH) Bowman Telescope Company. Kansas City Missouri. Circa 1938. ATM supplies, equatorial mounts, f4 reflectors 4 inch to 12 inch, Charles B. Boyle. New York City. 1860s - 1880s. Binocular telescopes. (Longer text in separate file.) Chester Brandon. Candor, N.Y. 1950s-1960s. Objectives (3 and 4 inch), tube assemblies, eyepieces. Max Bray (Ad Astra). Phoenix. 1950s-1980s. Maksutovs, custom optics. William Buttles. Chicago. 1930s. Notices in Popular Astronomy, 'AstroLab 11 inch PolarBowl, 7 inch PolarCone'. Ribbed mirror blanks, meniscus blanks. John Byrne. New York City. Fitz apprentice 1847 - 1863, refractor maker through 1890s. (Longer text in separate file.) George Carroll. California. 1950s-1970s. Refractors & solar instruments. (Longer text in separate file.) Central Tennessee School of Mechanical Engineering. Nashville. 1890s. Telescopes, transits, micrometers, domes, observatories, other instruments. Ad in Astronomy & Astrophysics, Jan. 1892. M. Chalfin. New York City. Circa 1942. Primarily ATM supply, sold finished mirrors & objective lenses, also mounted refractors to 6 inches. J.R. Champlin. Laconia, N.H. 1880-89. N.H. business directory 'telescope manufacturer'. (DJW-NMAH) John Clacy. Boston. 1870s - 1890s & later. Refractors. (Longer text in separate file.) Charles X. Dalton. Boston. 1880s-1890s. Worked for Spencer & Eaton at unknown date; later for Tolles, in Canastota and then in Boston. 1883, succeeded Tolles. 1895, adv. in American Monthly Microscopical Journal, 'Boston Optical Works, Charles X. Dalton, Successor to the late R.B. Tolles, manufacturer of microscopes, telescopes, and accessories.' (DJW-NMAH) William M. Davis. Cincinnati. 1850s-1860s. Optician, 'manufacturing telescopes for schools and colleges' (Cincinnati business directory 1851-52). 1855, (Ohio Mechanics Institute Fair?), achromatic telescope awarded silver medal. 1861- 67, resident & custodian of Cincinnati Observatory, built transit instrument for $1600. 1868, Cleveland Abbe chosen as C.O. director instead of Davis. 1867, adv. in J. Franklin Inst., for 'combined counterpoise and reversing apparatus for meridian instruments'. (DJW-NMAH) James Deamer. New York City. 1820s. 'Has for sale, of his own Manufacture...spectacles...microscopes, opera and spy glasses' (1821-24 N.Y. city directory). (DJW-NMAH) Antoine Derne. New York City. 1850s-1870s. Optician. 1851, American Institute Fair, silver medal for opera glasses. 1852, A.I. Fair, silver medal for spy and opera glasses. 1853, N.Y. Crystal Palace, diploma for telescopes, spy & opera glasses. 1870, Census of Industry: produces telescopes & spyglasses worth $16,000. (DJW-NMAH) Louis Dessauer. Boston. 1854-60. Optician. 'microscopes, telescopes...manufactured...by Mr. L. Dessauer' Boston Medical & Surgical Journal 51 (1854) 125. (DJW-NMAH) W.C. Edgecomb. Mystic, Connecticut. 1870s-1890s. Binocular telescopes using purchased objectives. (Longer text in separate file.) Nathan Frederick English. Hartland, Vermont. 1828 - c.1904. Made microscopes & telescopes at unknown dates. (DJW-NMAH) J.W. Fecker. Pittsburgh. 1910s-1940s. Large observatory telescopes to small amateur models. (Longer text in separate file.) Jothan Fenton. New Haven. Circa 1780s. "The first reflecting telescope made in the United States, was by the late Jotham Fenton, of New Haven, Connecticut...he followed the directions given in 'Imison's School of Arts', and produced a good instrument; --this was about thirty years ago." Journal of the Franklin Institute 5 (1828) p40, introduction by JFI editor to the republication of: John Edwards, 'Directions for Making the Best Composition for the Metals of Reflecting Telescopes; An Account of the Cause and Cure of the Tremors particularly affecting Reflecting Telescopes more than Refracting Ones.' (Selections from the Nautical Almanac. London: Commissioners of Longitude, 1813. pp207-226.) Fred Ferson. Mississippi. 1930s-1960s. Amateur refractors, observatory telescopes, tracking cameras. (Longer text in separate file.) Robert B. Forten. 1841. Franklin Institute, Committee for Science and Art, considered Forten for an award for a telescope, file #313. (DJW-NMAH) Addington D. Frye. New York City. 1837-1860. 1843, American Institute Fair, silver medal for reflecting telescope. 1837-1845, Frye & Shaw, with Robert Ludlow Shaw; 1838 American Institute Fair, gold medal for reflecting telescope. (DJW-NMAH) Joseph Gall. New York City, Albany. 1840s-1890s. From Germany, worked for Dollond, then an optician in N.Y. 1884, Gall & Lembke, 'patent achromatic spectacles'; 1894-95, advertisement in Popular Astronomy, 'have secured the services of Mr. John Byrne'. Charles Lembke, 1860s NYC optician. (DJW-NMAH) R. Brown Gans. Columbus, Missouri. 1880s. Small refractors. 1883 Sidereal Messenger, 'maker of equatorial telescopes'. (DJW-NMAH) W.,J.,& F. Gardam. New York City. 1870s - 1929. Surveying instruments, equatorial mountings, small refractors. (Longer text in separate file.) William Gaertner. Chicago. Circa 1900 - 1930s or later. Scientific instruments. Transit, zenith, and equatorial telescopes. (Longer text in separate file.) William Gerhardt. 1851: Optical Institute, theoretical & practical instruction, manufacturing telescopes, speculums. (DJW-NMAH) Elroy Gray. North Jay, ME. 1936. 6.2 inch refractor, 93 inch f.l. Reference: Rosebrugh, David. Remodeling Old Telescopes. Sky & Telescope #68, v6 (June 1947) 16-20. William Theodore Gregg. Brooklyn. 1840s-1880s. Refractors, mounts. Also an importer. Immigrant from Ireland; apprenticed at E. & G.W. Blunt. 1842, American Institute Fair, silver medal for equatorial telescope. 1844-1853, Gregg & Rupp. 1880, A.I. Fair, showed a '30 inch time transit', 4 inch telescope, and an equatorial for a 6 inch telescope (Scientific American). Assets acquired by W. & D. Mogey. (DJW-NMAH) Ernst Gundlach. N.J. & N.Y., 1870s - circa 1890s. Born 1834 in Germany, showed microscopes in Berlin 1866. Emigrated, was in Hackensack, N.J., by 1873, with a factory near Berlin, Prussia. Worked at B & L in the late 1870s. 1877, patent 193,816 'objective for astronomical telescopes'. 1879, patent 222,132 'eyepieces & objectives for telescopes & microscopes'. (DJW-NMAH) Harold Haggart. Oregon City. ATM in 1920s, died 1984. Haggart-Aquila 6 inch Maksutovs produced circa 1960, one 20 inch Newtonian / Cassegrain / Springfield / Coude. Sky & Telescope, September, 1952, pp282-285. John Hale. Hartford. 1889-90, business directory 'telescope manufacturer'. (DJW-NMAH) Frederick Hall. Cincinnati. 1840s-1860s. Optical instruments, 'manufactures...every description of Telescopes' (1846 Cincinnati business directory). (DJW-NMAH) William Hamlin. Providence, R.I. 1810s-1860s. Instrument retail & repair; made reflecting telescope 1826 & allowed public use, admission by tickets, examples of which survive. Telescope depicted on ticket is signed 'Hamlin' and appears to be a Gregorian, alt / az mounted. This might be the first reflector fabricated in the U.S. Three telescopes were found in a family house in the 1950s, two were mounted, of 24 and 36 inches focus, and a 2 inch spyglass. Bedini, Silvio A. William Hamlin and his Telescopes. Rittenhouse 4 (May 1990) 87-95. Preuss, Anne M. William Hamlin: an elusive Providence instrument maker. Rittenhouse 3 (August 1989) 135-140. Bruno Hasert. Cincinnati. 1840s-1850s. Instrument maker, 1846 Cincinnati business directory: 'Will make to order...Telescopes, achromatic plain or achromatic dialitique from one to nine inches diameter, varying from $10 to $3,000.' 1846, adv. in Sidereal Messenger, 'For sale...brass mounted telescopes, 1.7 inches - 9 inches diameter'. 1848, Sidereal Messenger: 'This skillful optician is now finishing a six inch refractor for the Farmers' College'. 1851, London Crystal Palace, microscopes, 'workmanship is not very good'. (DJW-NMAH) George W. Hewitt. Philadelphia & Burlington, N.J. 1890s - died 1916. Architect, ATM. 4 1/8 inch refractor signed 'George W. Hewitt Fecit / Burlington, N.J. 1899'. 9-inch Hewitt objective in storage at Trinity College, Hartford C.P. Howard. Hartford, Conn. Circa 1880-1910, amateur lens maker. M. James. Utica. 1850-51, N.Y. state business directory, 'telescopes'. (Manufacturer or retailer?) (DJW-NMAH) Theodore Jeslerski. Chicago. Circa 1929. Telescope objectives, 3 inch to 7 inch, calculated & produced; equatorial mounts, circles, drives, eyepieces, accessories. S. Junkunc. Chicago. Circa 1926. Refractors 3 inch to 8 inch, equatorial mounts, piers, eyepieces, micrometers, spectroscopes, cameras. William Kahler. Washington D.C. 1870s-1880s, optical components & eyepieces Charles B. Kleine. New York City. 1860s-1870s. N.Y. business directory 1873- 74, 'Manufacturing optician.....telescopes, opera glasses' (unclear if telescope maker). (DJW-NMAH) Edward Kubel. Washington D.C. 1820-1896. Emigrated from Germany in 1849. Advertisement in American Journal of Microscopy 1850s-1870s, surveying instruments, heliostat, 'manufacturer of astronomical and geodetical instruments' (DJW-NMAH) Leon Lewenberg. Williamsburg N.Y. & New York City. 1830s-1840s, refractors. American Journal of Science 1839-40, note of a 5 inch objective for sale for $400., working on a 12 to 14 inch lens, but unable to proceed. 1840-1860 N.Y. business directory 'optician'. Henry Fitz wrote that Lewenberg was a 'humbug'. (DJW-NMAH) Lohmann Brothers. Greenville, Ohio. 1916, advertisement in Scientific Monthly 2, 'Refracting and reflecting astronomical telescopes; standard and portable; visual and photographic objectives computed by our associate Dr. F.R. Moulton (Chicago University); observatories; specula; planes, eyepieces; etc. Photographs and circulars by request.' Pike, Gary. The Lohmann Legacy. Journal of the Antique Telescope Society 4 (Spring 1993) 4-6. S. Lubin. Boston. 1882, New England Manufacturers & Mechanics Institute Fair, Boston: 'spy glasses, opera glasses, astronomical telescopes...many of which are of novel construction, and have original ideas incorporated. The Exhibitor is manufacturer and inventor.' (DJW-NMAH) Josiah Lyman. Lenox Mass, 1850s. Reflectors. 9 inch Herschelian, 16 feet long, Scientific American 7 (1851) 35. Transactions of the American Institute 1858, 'new reflecting telescope...tube of thick Russia iron' (unclear if had been built by 1852) (DJW-NMAH) William Malcolm. Syracuse. 1885-86, city directory, 'manufacturer of telescopes'. (DJW-NMAH) National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, N.Y., White: 1906, v13 p423: '...the discovery of his perfected telescope...it astonished the scientific world. The combination of lenses and their adjustment to each other was known only to himself...an object whether twenty feet or twenty miles away without altering the focus...The Lick Observatory in California and the Royal Observatory in Greenwich are supplied with the Malcolm instruments. The war departments of the governments of the United States, Russia, England, and Italy have successfully employed these telescopes on their ordnance. Mr Malcolm at first ground all the lenses he used, but afterwards succeeded in procuring them in France, and finally in the United States....manufactured his instruments on a small scale for a number of years" Edwin P. Martz, Jr. Ohio & New Mexico. Born in 1916, ATM, WWII & later developed telescopic missile tracking systems. (Longer text in separate file.) William & David Mogey. New York N.Y. & Bayonne N.J. 1880s-1920s. Unknown date, acquired assets of William T. Gregg. 1894, moved shop to Bayonne, N.J.; 1908, moved to Plainfield, N.J. Small refractors. George N. Munger. New Haven, Conn. 1840s. 1840, adv. in American Journal of Science 38 (1840), 'Telescopes & other philosophical apparatus...Newtonian, Gregorian, and Herschelian Telescopes, Micrometers...References: D. Olmsted, B. Silliman'. 1840, New Haven city directory 'musical instrument and telescope maker'. (DJW-NMAH) Nilsson. Mechanics Fair, Boston, 1895, exhibited 6 inch refractor, his first. Pier mounted, drive clock, graduated circles with verniers & clamps, of the finest quality. (Boston Commonwealth, October 19, 1895, 'Science' column by John Ritchie.) (DJW-NMAH) Harry Oldknow. 1871, American Journal of Microscopy vol. 1, advertisement 'working optical glass grinder...six years with Ross...manufacturer of all kinds of lenses for microscopes, astronomical and other telescopes'. Henry M. Paine. North Oxford Mass (?). In 1846, the Franklin Institute, Committee for Science and Arts, considered an award for Paine's 'method of obtaining parabola or other curves in conic sections, on the surface of lenses'; file #477. U.S. Patent 4,786, 1846, to Paine, for apparatus & process, parabolic form given to lens by slumping DJW Donald A. Patch. Springfield, Vermont. Circa 1930s? ATM supplies, 6 inch reflector on Springfield mount. Richard Patten. New York City. 1820s. Instruments of precision. Richard S. Perkin & Charles W. Elmer. 1931, 10 inch Newtonian, equatorial mount, made by Richard S. Perkin for John D. Talmage of Brooklyn; cell, cradle & circles of bronze, tube of 20 gauge iron; Monthly Evening Sky Map 25 (1931). Perkin-Elmer 1937-present, observatory telescopes. Octave Leon Petitdidier. Chicago. 1890s - 1910s. Born France, 1853; emigrated circa 1873, died 1918. Refractors 2 inch to 15 inch, mounts, eyepieces, polarizing solar eyepieces, objective prisms, parabolic mirrors 6 inch to 20 inch. Warner, Deborah Jean. Octave Leon Petitdidier: Precision Optician. Rittenhouse v9 #2 (Feb. 1995) 54-8 (Longer text in separate file.) Jonas Phelps. Troy N.Y. 1840s-1870s. Telescope mounts. Became Phelps & Gurley. John Pierce. Springfield Vermont. 1930s. ATM supplies & 'at least one complete scope' Precision Optical Supply. New York City. circa 1935. ATM supplies, eyepieces, 6 inch reflector. Cass M. Radford. East Concord, N.H. 1889, N.H. business directory as 'telescope manufacturer'. (DJW-NMAH) Charles Ridell. Williams Bay Wisconsin. Circa 1950s-1960s. Telescopes, Schmidts, filar micrometers, spectrographs, photometers. At Yerkes, as instrument maker, was apprenticed to Charles Pearson, worked for 30 years, was succeeded by Boro Spotz; who was succeeded by his son Robert Spotz. While at Yerkes, Ridell built many instruments for other observatories at his home shop, including the 5-inch 'Moonwatch' telescopes. John Roach. New York City. 1830s-1870s. Born 1813, emigrated from Ireland to New York City by 1833, died 1891. 'Lenses ground to any curve required', N.Y. business directory & city directory 1842-1845. 'Object glasses of various sized, ground to order and warranted achromatic' 1849 adv. in Scientific American. 'telescopes of a new construction (own make)' 1851-52 adv. in N.Y. city directory. 1855, moved to San Francisco. 1871, 'manufacturer of...telescopes...maker of the large transit for the re-survey of San Francisco, 1862' adv. in SFMI visitor's guide. 1885, SFMI, won Grand Silver Medal for 'surveying, astronomical and other instruments of California make' category. (DJW-NMAH) Herman Roettger. Philadelphia. 1850s-1860s. Born in Prussia, in Philadelphia business directory 1858-59 as 'manufacturer of optical instruments, achromatic telescopes'. (DJW-NMAH) Bill Schaefer. Fullerton Calif. Circa 1960s, many high quality telescopes to at least 22". H.G. Sedgwick. Nashville Tenn. & Davenport Iowa. 1880s-1890s. Telescope mounts; provided mountings for telescopes (with Clark optics) for Grinnell College and Upper Iowa Univ. Graduated college in Ithaca, N.Y. as a classical scholar. Roland W. Sellew. Middletown, Connecticut. 1920s. Designer of observatory telescopes, mounts, observing chair / platform, observatories. Worked with the Clarks and Lundin. (Longer text in separate file). Joseph H. Semmons. Nashville (1855), Indianapolis (1860), N.Y.C. (1864-80). 1855, opera glasses won award. 1862, adv. in Harper's Weekly, 'military single and double spy-glasses, for land and sea use, with extraordinary power and definition'. 1870, N.Y. city directory, 'Oculists' optician. Manufacturer and inventor...opera, field and marine glasses, telescopes...'. (DJW-NMAH) William Shawk. St. Louis & Carondelet, Missouri. A refractor of about 4 inches aperture, on an unusual lightweight equatorial mount, signed either on tube or mount: 'Wm. Shawk / Maker / St. Louis & Carondelet MO'. Signed on drawtube: 'duHamel / New Orleans'. Without objective lens. (No known connection to Abel Shawk, employee of Henry Fitz circa 1832, when Fitz was a locksmith in Cincinnati.) Thomas Skidmore (1790-1834). 1818, N.Y., machinist, invented 'an improved form of the reflective telescope' -Wilentz, p183. (DJW-NMAH) Hamilton Lanphere Smith. (1818-1903). Geneva N.Y. At Yale 1838, built 12 inch Herschelian with E.P. Mason that was the largest telescope in the U.S. Later built two dialyte telescopes. (Longer text in separate file). John Smith. Boston. 1847, showed telescope Mass. Charitable Mechanics Assn. John Smith. Philadelphia. 1845 city directory, manufacturer of lenses. (DJW- NMAH) John B. Smith. Sonapee? N.H. 1885 business directory 'telescope manufacturer (also object glasses)'. 'Widow of Balthaser Sommer'. 1753. Adv. in N.Y. Gazette: 'grinder of all sorts of optic glasses, spying glasses, of all lengths...also spying glasses of 3 feet long which are to set on a common Walking-Cane and yet be carried as a Pocket-Book.' (DJW-NMAH) Charles Achilles Spencer (1813-1881). Canastota, N.Y. 1850s-1870s. Circa 1838, brochure listing telescopes & microscopes. 1854, partnership with A.K. Eaton. 1865, made 13 inch refractor, equatorial mount, for Hamilton College. Son Herbert, 1892-95 Spencer-Smith Optical Co., Buffalo, 1893 'Catalogue and price- list of Microscopes, Telescopes, and Accessories'. 1894 adv. in The Observer, 'Spencer and Smith Optical Company, Manufacturers of Microscopes, Telescopes, and Accessories'. Spencer Lens Co., 1896, 'Catalogue and Price List of Microscopes, Telescopes, and Accessories'. WWI, developed factory for making optical glass. (DJW-NMAH) (Longer text in separate file) August Stendicke. New York City. 1870s-1890s. Optical components & eyepieces (?) 1891, letter from C.S. Hastings to W. Gibbs: 'The only man who, to my knowledge, in this country has a mastery of the technique of working Iceland Spar...He is an old optician who worked for many years with the older Spencer at Canastota, and who, when in Spencer's employ, made the Hamilton College telescope'. 1890s catalog at NMAH. (DJW-NMAH) Elihu Thomson. Philadelphia. 1880s - 1920s. ATM, developed & published glass on glass mirror grinding technique, designed & made several refractors. WWI, worked to initiate US production of optical glass. At GE labs, developed fused quartz telescope mirrors, later contract to produce 200 inch mirror for Palomar of quartz was not successful. Proposed ribbed back mirror blanks. Began development of mechanical compensation system later built into Palomar mirror. Assisted George Ritchey in his work with cellular mirrors and the Ritchey Chretien. (Longer text in separate file) Clayton R. Tinsley. Berkeley, Calif. 1920s - present. Observatory telescopes to 52 inch, Cassegrains, Maksutovs, Newtonians, refractors, mounts, eyepieces, ATM supplies, amateur telescopes labeled 'Saturn'. (Longer text in separate file) Robert B. Tolles. Canastota and Boston. Late 1850s - 1883. Refractors to 5 inch and of short focal length, solid eyepiece, binocular adapter. (Longer text in separate file) M. Tydman. Camden, N.J. 1880s. Reflectors, objectives, & eyepieces Charles F. Usener. New York City. 1850s-1880s. Directories & advertisements list photographic objectives only. Scientific American, Sept. 13, 1879, article on Usener includes an illustratation 'making telescope objectives'; and processes involved in fabricating telescope objectives are mentioned several times; but it is not specified that Usener manufactures telescope optics. (Longer text in separate file) Henry Waldstein. New York City. 1850s-1870s. Optician, importer, & manufacturer. 1855-6 advertisement: 'received prize medal at the Crystal Palace for...opera glasses...telescopes'. 1876, American Institute Fair, bronze medal for 'improvement in binocular glasses...'. 1877, adv. in American Journal of Microscopy 'Improved field, marine, opera and tourist's glasses'. (Unclear if a telescope maker or a retailer.) (DJW-NMAH) Walther. Philadelphia. Small refractor objectives. B.D.F. Wells. Nephew of Henry Fitz; apprenticed at Fitz' shop at 237 Fifth. 1852 American Institute Fair, prize for 'achromatic telescope'. (DJW-NMAH) Earl Witherspoon. Sumter, S.C. 1950s-60s. Refractors (Longer text in separate file) Philip H. Yawman and Gustav Erbe. Rochester. 1880s-1890s. Microscopes; also telescopes. Advertisement in Rochester city directory, 1881-82/83 and 1884-85 'Manufacturers of...microscopes and telescopes'. Joseph Zentmayer (1826-1888). Philadelphia. Microscopes. 1869, fabricated photographic lenses for solar eclipse expedition to Ottumwa, Iowa, and joined expedition. 1885, Price List of Microscopes: 'Having been engaged for over forty-one years in the manufacture of Astronomical Instruments, Microscopes, etc...'. ========= home page: http://www.europa.com/~telscope/binotele.htm